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Exposure triangle

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Three knobs, one budget: aperture buys light with depth of field, shutter buys it with motion blur, ISO buys it with noise, and stops are interchangeable - one more stop of ISO pays back one faster shutter. Set aperture for the look, shutter for the subject, and let ISO take the bill. Failure symptoms: soft edges mean the shutter was too slow, smear means subject motion, grit means the ISO was too high for the body. Same shape as tuning training: several knobs, one budget, different costs - an analogy, not a mapping.

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